Science

The links below are excellent resources for the science classroom. Feel free to add other sites that you use and want to share with others.

PhET Simulations Project at the University of Colorado, Boulder National Science Foundation Siemens Science Day: Learning by Doing TechMatrix - Assistive Technology Tools and Resources for Learning Microsoft Education Lesson Plans ForLessonPlans.com Hot Chalk Lesson Plans - Science projects Best Science and Technology Sites IPTV - Science & Technology Resources Science.gov: USA.gov for Science Game for Science -virtual world dedicated to science & technology Celestia - free space simulation that lets you explore our universe in three dimensions 15 Ways to Use Digital Cameras in Science the Classroom

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[|ECHO: Exploring & Collecting History Online - Science, Technology, and Industry] A directory to more than 5,000 Web sites concerning the history of science, technology, and industry. [|Eric Weisstein’s World of Science: A Wolfram Web Resource] Biographies and explanations of topics in mathematics, physics, astronomy, and chemistry. [|History of Science on the Internet] Maintained by the Division of History of Science, International Union of History and Philosophy of Science. [|Internet History of Science Sourcebook] Maintained by Paul Halsall, Fordham University. A subset of links from his three primary Internet Sourcebooks ([|Ancient History Sourcebook], [|Medieval History Sourcebook], and [|Internet Modern History Sourcebook]). [|Science, Technology, Invention in History: Impact, Influence, Change] Examples of digitized images and documents from the National Archives and Records Administration. [|A Selection of Web and other Internet Sources for the History and Philosophy of Science, Technology and Medicine] Maintained by Thomas B. Settle, Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza & Polytechnic University. [|Voice of the Shuttle: Science, Technology & Culture Page]“ A selection of resources on science, medicine, technology, and cultural-studies/historical approaches to science designed for humanists interested in the relation between sci-tech and society.” [|Selected Online Resources [in the History of Technology] Prepared by the Society for the History of Technology (SHOT). [|Eighteenth-Century Resources — Science & Mathematics] Maintained by Jack Lynch. Part of the larger collection of [|Eighteenth-Century Resources]. [|The Nobel Prize Internet Archive] Annotated, hyperlinked lists of all Nobel laureates in all categories.
 * The following list of links was re-printed from the University of Delaware Library's Internet Resources for History of Science & Technology**

**Astronomy**
[|The Astrolabe] Information on the astrolabe as well as links to notable collections of astrolabes. [|The Bruce Medalists] The Catherine Wolfe Bruce Gold Medal is awarded by the [|Astronomical Society of the Pacific] to astronomers for a lifetime of outstanding research in astronomy. [|The Galileo Project] (Rice University) A hypertext source of information on the life and work of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and the science of his time. [|Space Telescope Science Institute] See also its [|HubbleSite]. [|Yahoo - Science: Astronomy: History]

**Biology**
[|The Alfred Russel Wallace Page] Maintained by Charles H. Smith, Associate Professor and Science Librarian at Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green. [|Best of the Web: History] [of the Life Sciences] Part of GEN, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. [|The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online] “More than 50,000 searchable text pages and 40,000 images of both publications and handwritten manuscripts. Also includes the most comprehensive Darwin bibliography ever published and the largest manuscript catalogue ever assembled. More than 150 ancillary texts are also included, ranging from secondary reference works to contemporary reviews, obituaries, published descriptions of Darwin’s Beagle specimens and important related works for understanding Darwin’s context.” [|Understanding Evolution] Includes coverage of the topic “What is the history of evolutionary theory?”.

**Biotechnology**
[|Biotech Chronicles] An overview of biotechnology from a historical perspective.

**Cartography**
[|The History of Cartography] A research, editorial, and publishing venture drawing international attention to the history of maps and mapping, from the University of Wisconsin. [|Map History / History of Cartography: THE Gateway to the Subject] Part of WWW-Virtual Library: History, this site is maintained by the Institute of Historical Research, London.

**Chemistry**
[|The Alchemy Web Site] “Over 90 megabytes online of information on alchemy in all its facets.” [|Edgar Fahs Smith Collection] (University of Pennsylvania) Collection devoted to the history of chemistry, particularly before 1850. Includes scientist portraits, apparatus images, and laboratory images, as well as Lynne Farrington's essay entitled [|“Alchemy, Metallurgy, and Pharmacy: Edgar Fahs Smith and the History of Chemistry.”]

**Engineering**
[|Clockworks: From Sundials to the Atomic Second] This site, from Britannica.com, looks at ten manmade instruments that various civilizations have used to measure time. [|Digital Bridges] Thirty representative 19th-century American bridge engineering monographs, manuals, and documents from the Lehigh University Libraries' Special Collections. [|Gutenberg Digital] A digitized Gutenberg Bible. The 1282 pages of the Bible at Goettingen, one of four complete, illuminated copies on vellum, have been scanned with a high-end professional digital camera, with careful attention paid to create faithful reproductions of the 88 illuminated, partly gilded pages. Among the ancillary material is Helmasperger’s Notarial Instrument (6th November 1455), dealing with Gutenberg’s invention, known as the “Werk der Buecher” (work of books) and Gutenberg's business relations with Johannes Fust. [|Pioneering EE Patents: The Collection] Twice each month, this site showcases a pioneering patent in the field of electrical engineering. [|Steam Engine Library] A collection of historical documents relating to the history of the steam engine. [|Recording Technology History] Steve Schoenherr, a history professor at the University of San Diego, chronicles virtually every major advance in recording technology. [|Wright Brothers’ Flying Machine] Companion site to a December 16, 2003 NOVA episode. Several interactive features and picture galleries are provided. The site also includes a description of the first media coverage of the historic flight and an interview with the senior curator of the National Air and Space Museum.

**Mathematics**
[|Gallery of Mathematics] An online exhibit hosted by Loughborough University providing descriptions, pictures, animations, and examples of many mathematical curiosities. [|The Geometry Center] From the Center for the Computation and Visualization of Geometric Structures, University of Minnesota, this site describes some of their projects that use technology to visualize and communicate mathematics and related sciences. It has free software and related documents, research articles, reports, videos of mathematical computer animation, basic facts, and course materials. [|Historical Mathematics Monographs] The Cornell University Library Historical Mathematics Monographs is a collection of selected monographs with expired copyrights chosen from the mathematics field. These were monographs that were brittle and decaying and in need of rescue. [|Mac Tutor History of Mathematics Archive] If you have a Java-enabled browser, try the Famous Curves Applet Index. [|Prime Curios] “An exciting collection of curiosities, wonders and trivia related to prime numbers.” [|Yahoo - Science: Mathematics: History]

**Medicine**
[|Anatomia, 1522-1867: Anatomical Plates from the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library] Approximately 4500 full-page plates and other significant illustrations of human anatomy selected from the Jason A. Hannah and Academy of Medicine collections in the history of medicine at the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto. [|History of Biomedicine] Maintained by the Karolinska Institute Library, Stockholm, Sweden. General links, links to sites focusing on a particular area or time period, and links to specific diseases. [|Microscopy and Imaging Resources on the WWW] Maintained by the Experimental Pathology Service Core, University of Arizona. [|Recent Dissertations in the Medical Humanities] A component of librarian Jonathon Erlen’s History of Medicine subject guide for the Health Sciences Library System (the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center), this site lists selected recent dissertations and theses with links to the [|Digital Dissertations] database.

**Physics**
[|Resources for the History of Physics & Allied Fields] Maintained by [|Center for History of Physics] of the American Institute of Physics. [|History of Household Technology] Compiled by Constance Carter, this bibliography in the Library of Congress’ Science Tracer Bullet series provides sources useful in examining the history of household technology primarily in the United States during the last half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. It is not intended to be a comprehensive bibliography but is designed—as the name of the series implies—to put the reader “on target.” [|History of Science] (University of Oklahoma Library) Title pages of 8,300 books in the University of Oklahoma’s History of Science Collections. The site offers author/title access to all the items in the History of Science Collections, a small portion of which had not yet been cataloged. It also allows scholars the opportunity to study printers’ devices, authors’ autographs and other provenance which occur on these title pages. [|History of Science / Science Studies Reference Sources] Bibliography of printed resources for the history of science. Includes bibliographic guides and handbooks; specialized indexes for the history of science; dictionaries, encyclopedias, and chronologies; biographical sources; guides to scientific periodicals; library, archival, and manuscript collections; and bibliographies. [|Science and Technology in 18th-Century America] One of the Library of Congress’ LC Science Tracer Bullets, this is a guide to sources chronicling the history of science, invention, medicine and technology in colonial America. It provides references to a variety of materials and sources in the collections of the Library of Congress useful in researching science and technology in eighteenth-century America. [|The Alan Turing Home Page] Maintained by Andrew Hodges, author of Alan Turing: the Enigma. [|Albert Einstein Online] Everything about Einstein, from quotes to teeshirts, papers to photographs. [|Albumen] This site explores the history, science, and preservation of albumen photographs. It features 19th century primary source materials, contemporary research, a gallery, and video of albumen print manufacture. [|The Alexander Graham Bell Papers at the Library of Congress] This latest addition to the Library of Congress American Memory Project will ultimately comprise approximately 4,700 items (totaling about 38,000 images). The first release contains 1400 items, including “correspondence, scientific notebooks, journals, blueprints, articles, and photographs documenting Bell’s invention of the telephone and his involvement in the first telephone company, his family life, his interest in the education of the deaf, and his aeronautical and other scientific research.” These date from 1865 to 1939, with the bulk from 1865 to 1920. Users may browse the collection by series, subject, or name, or conduct a keyword search. [|Alexander Graham Bell’s Path to the Telephone] A project by Michael E. Gorman, Technology, Culture & Communications, SEAS, University of Virginia, “to organize and depict, in abbreviated form, Alexander Graham Bell’s invention of the telephone.” It includes sketches from Bell’s experimental notebooks, patents, depositions in court and correspondence. [|The Archimedes Palimpsest] Features the cleaning, imaging, and translating the Archimedes palimpsest at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. [|The ARTFL Encylopédie] The ARTFL Project, at the University of Chicago, is currently developing an on-line version of Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des métiers et des arts, including all seventeen volumes of text and eleven volumes of plates from the first edition. [|Atomic Patents] Some of the more interesting secret “atomic patents” historian of science Alex Wellerstein (Harvard University) came across while writing a paper on the subject “Patenting the bomb: nuclear weapons, intellectual property, and technological control” (Isis, March 2008, forthcoming). [|Biographies of Women Mathematicians] [|Boyle Papers Online] Digital edition of the manuscript papers of natural philosopher Robert Boyle (1627-1691). Part of the [|Robert Boyle Project] site, from Birkbeck College, University of London. [|Built in America: Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) and the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER)] One of the American Memory projects from the Library of Congress. The site includes images, surveys, survey photos, and measured drawings from 1933 to the present, which document achievements in architecture, engineering, and design in the United States and its territories. [|Caltech Archives PhotoNet] A searchable database containing scanned images of a portion of the collection of visual material held by the Cal Tech Archives. [|Catalog of the Scientific Community: 16th and 17th Centuries] A collection of 631 detailed biographies on members of the scientific community during the 16th and 17th centuries, compiled by Richard S. Westfall, Professor Emeritus in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at Indiana University. [|The Darwin Correspondence Project] Includes the [|Darwin Correspondence Online Database], which provides details of all known letters including brief summaries. Letters up to 1865 are now available online. [|Einstein Archives Online] A collaboration between Caltech and Hebrew University of Jerusalem, this collection of high-resolution images of more than 3,000 pages of Einstein’s notes from research projects, lectures, and speeches is drawn from the Hebrew University's Einstein Archives. [|Emilio Segrè Visual Archives] A collection of some 25,000 historical photographs, slides, lithographs, engravings, and other visual materials focusing on American physicists and astronomers of the twentieth century. [|The Galileo Project] (Rice University) A hypertext source of information on the life and work of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and the science of his time. [|Gallery of Obscure Patents] Part of I.B.M.’s U. S. Patent Database server, this site features digitized images and other information about weird and wacky United States patents. [|Dr. Robert Hutchings Goddard] Description of the Goddard archival collection at the Clark University Archives. Include drawings of rockets, lists of published items written by and about Goddard, photos of his diary, and other information about him. [|Google Patent Search Beta] Search the full text of the U.S. patent corpus and find patents that interest you. Covers the entire collection of patents made available by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)—from patents issued in the 1790s through those issued in the middle of 2006. [|Hiroshima Archive] A research and educational guide to those who want to gain and expand their knowledge of the atomic bombing. [|HowStuffWorks] Specializes in providing easy-to-follow descriptions of mechanical processes. [|IBM Archives] An online repository of information about the beginnings and evolution of IBM. The archive's main exhibit is a year-by-year tour of inventions and major business dealings since 1900. A collection of historic documents is also offered. [|Images from the History of Medicine] (National Library of Medicine) Provides access to nearly 60,000 images (reproducing photographs, artwork, and printed texts) drawn from the extensive (and much larger) collection of the History of Medicine Division at the U.S. National Library of Medicine. [|Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary, 1880 Edition] “A Description of Tools, Instruments, Machines, Processes, and Engineering; History of Inventions; General Technological Vocabulary; and Digest of Mechanical Appliances in Science and the Arts.” [|Making of America] A collaborative project of Cornell University and the University of Michigan, with funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, MOA is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. The collection contains approximately 5,000 books and journal volumes with 19th century imprints. The collection is made up of images of the pages in the books and journals. [|National Science Digital Library (NSDL)] An online library of resources for science, mathematics, engineerings, and technology education. The NSDL mission is to both deepen and extend science literacy through access to materials and methods that reveal the nature of the physical universe and the intellectual means by which we discover and understand it. [|NOVA Online] Website of the Public Broadcasting Service’s science program series. [|Profiles in Science] This site from the National Library of Medicine (NLM) focuses on the major scientific achievements of this century and the people behind them by making archival collections of prominent biomedical scientists publicly available. It features collections donated to the NLM that contain published and unpublished materials, including books, journal volumes, pamphlets, diaries, letters, manuscripts, photographs, audio tapes, and other audiovisual materials. [|Samuel F. B. Morse Papers at the Library of Congress, 1793-1919] One of the [|American Memory] digital collections. [|Science in the Nineteenth-Century Periodical] The Science in the Nineteenth-Century Periodical (SciPer) Index provides a scholarly synopsis of the material relating to science, technology, and medicine appearing in sixteen general periodicals published in Britain between 1800 and 1900. With entries describing around 7,500 articles (doubling to more than 15,000 when complete), and with references to over 5,500 individuals, 2,000 publications, and 1,000 institutions, it provides an invaluable research tool for those interested in the representation of science and in the interpenetration of science and literature in nineteenth-century Britain, as well as for students of the period more generally. [|Scientific Commons] “Aims to provide the most comprehensive and freely available access to scientific knowledge on the Internet. ... Identifies authors from all archives and makes their social and professional relationships transparent and visible to anyone across disciplinary, institutional and technological boundaries. Currently ScientificCommons.org has indexed about 13 million scientific publications and successfully extracted 6 million authors out of this data (January 2007).” [|Smithsonian Institution Libraries Digital Collections] Includes some titles from the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology. [|The Telephone] The Web site of PBS’ The American Experience television program. [|Television History - The First 75 Years] Learn about the history of TV-set design, development, and marketing. [|Thomas A. Edison Papers] The Thomas A. Edison Papers is a documentary editing project sponsored by Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, the National Park Service, the Smithsonian Institution, and the New Jersey Historical Commission. This site will make available a searchable document database linked to document images for Parts I-III (1847-1898) and some of the editorial materials from the image and text publications, with continual additions. In its final form the full digital edition will include the text of the print volumes. [|Trailblazing] “Three and a half centuries of Royal Society publishing,” showcasing sixty articles selected from an archive of more than 60,000 published by the Royal Society between 1665 and 2010. [|The Transport Archive] Tells the story of Britain's transport system since the eighteenth century. In several thousand images, it shows how waterways, railways, and aviation have changed lives. A timeline and maps show how transport networks evolve and grow. [|The Wilbur and Orville Wright Papers] One of the American Memory collections. [|ScienceBlogs] “ScienceBlogs is ... a digital science salon featuring the leading bloggers from a wide array of scientific disciplines.” [|American Museum of Radio and Electricity] Located in Bellingham, Washington, this “one-of-a-kind museum for North America” aims to be “the best at presenting the relationship between early investigations into the phenomenon of electricity and the subsequent development of radio.” [|Computer History Museum] This site offers a substantially annotated and searchable timeline covering five decades of computer history, including the inception and development of the Internet. [|Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik, München] [|Exploratorium, San Francisco] [|George Eastman House] International Museum of Photography and Film. [|Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village] [|Institute and Museum of History of Science, Florence] [|Marian Koshland Science Museum] (National Academy of Sciences) [|MIT Museum] The MIT Museum collects, preserves, and exhibits materials which serve as a resource for the study and interpretation of the intellectual, educational, and social history of MIT and MIT’s role in the history of modern science and technology. [|Museum of Science, Boston] [|Museum of the History of Science, Oxford University] [|National Inventors Hall of Fame] The National Inventors Hall of Fame museum celebrates over 150 of the men and women whose patented inventions, life-saving tools, labor-saving devices, and technological innovations have become the basis of the American economy and society. [|National Museum of Science and Industry (Great Britain)] Includes the Science Museum, the National Museum: Photography, Film & Television, and the National Railway Museum. [|National Museum of the U.S. Air Force] The Web site of the oldest and largest military aviation museum in the world. Several galleries showcase hundreds of aircraft, ranging from the early 1900s to modern military jets. [|Galaxy of Knowledge] (Smithsonian Institution) A portal to the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. [|The Tech Museum of Innovation] Make a virtual visit to this exuberant museum of high-tech located in San José, California. [|Virtual Library Museums Pages] “A distributed directory of on-line museums.” [|American Philosophical Society Library] Located in Philadelphia, the library is a major national center for research in the history of science, medicine, and technology. [|Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Firenze] [|The David Sarnoff Library] Documents David Sarnoff’s life; the history of radio, television, electronics, and communications; and the history of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). [|The Huntington / Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens] The Huntington Library has a rich collection of rare books and manuscripts principally in the fields of British and American history and literature. Other research strengths include 15th-century books, history of science, and maritime history. [|Historical Collections at the] [|New York Academy of Medicine] The library collections include over 10,000 pamphlet titles published in the United States between 1840 and 1960. This pamphlet collection, one of the largest of its type in the world, documents the shaping of modern public health and activities to avoid disease and other health threats. The public health pamphlets serve as the historical connection between public health theories and the mass marketing of public health in popular culture. [|The Othmer Library of Chemical History] At the Chemical Heritage Foundation, Philadlephia. [|Science, Industry and Business Library, The New York Public Library] [|Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine] [|Albert Einstein: Image and Impact] An online exhibit chronicling the life of Albert Einstein, is based on a travelling exhibit designed by the Center for History of Physics of the American Institute of Physics for the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey on the occasion of the Einstein Centennial 1879-1979. [|Astronomy Picture of the Day] New annotated astronomy picture every day from NASA. [|Canada at Scale] An online exhibition of the National Archives of Canada showing the evolution of cartography in Canada. [|The Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876] The Free Library of Philadelphia presents this online look at one of the great nineteenth-century World's Fairs. [|Edison After Forty] A virtual exhibition of the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of American History documenting the last 44 years of the prolific career of Thomas Alva Edison, the quintessential American inventor who held over one thousand patents at the time of his death in 1931. [|Engines of Our Ingenuity] This site includes the scripts of 1365 episodes of the public radio essay program written and hosted by John Lienhard and KUHF-FM, Houston. The Engines of Our Ingenuity tells the story of how our culture is formed by human creativity. The program uses the record of history to reveal the way art, technology, and ideas have shaped us. [|The Geometry of War, 1500-1750] A Special Exhibition at the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. [|Heisenberg] An online exhibit about Werner Heisenberg, the founder of quantum physics, sponsored by the American Institute of Physics. [|IEEE Virtual Museum] Features “Socket to Me: How Electricity Came to Be,” “The Beat Goes On: How Sounds are Recorded and Played,” and “Thomas Edison: A Lifetime of Invention.” [|Leonardo da Vinci: Experience, Experiment, Design] This exhibition, from the Victoria and Albert Museum, is “about how Leonardo da Vinci thought on paper. It contains some of his most complex and challenging designs.” [|Linus Pauling Centenary Exhibit] Prepared by Oregon State University Libraries, Corvallis, from the Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers held by Special Collections and various photographic collections in the University Archives. [|The Measurers: A Flemish Image of Mathematics in the Sixteenth Century] Derived from the printed catalog of the exhibition at the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, England. [|Newton’s Secrets] This online exhibit from the Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem, highlights Newtonian manuscripts that discuss Biblical interpretation, the architecture of the Jewish Temple, ancient history, alchemy, and the apocalypse. [|The Newtonian Moment] This exhibit at the New York Public Library presents maps, prints, books, and models from the Library's collection and manuscripts from the Cambridge University Library. [|The Nine Planets: A Multimedia Tour of the Solar System] Contains one page of information on each of the over 90 bodies in the Solar System, including planets, satellites, asteroids, and meteors. Webmaster William Arnett provides images, facts, data, and links to more information, as well as a general glossary. [|On Time] From the National Museum of American History, this site focuses on how humans have measured time from 1700 to the present. The exhibit presents text and images describing the history of keeping time from the century immediately preceding the industrial revolution­­when sundials were still in use­­to our present age of digital access. [|Renaissance: What Inspired This Age of Balance and Order?] An educational exhibit in the Annenberg/CPB Projects Learner Online site. A series of five essays examines and explains the changes which occurred in the Renaissance during the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries. The essays are: Out of the Middle Ages; Exploration and Trade; Printing and Thinking; Symmetry, Shape, Size; and, Focus on Florence. This interactive site also allows inquisitive users to become spice traders in a role-playing game, or to take a hands-on approach to the Fibonacci sequence through a learning module called Numbers in Nature. [|Transportation Futuristics: Visionary Designs in Transportation Engineering] An exhibit of items showcasing daring visions of transportation engineering, presented by the Harmer E. Davis Transportation Library, which supports the research needs of the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California campuses of Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, and Los Angeles. [|Academies and Royal Societies of Broad Scope] The University of Waterloo Electronic Library Scholarly Societies Project here lists academies and other bodies like them, such as royal societies of very broad scope (e.g. of sciences or arts). [|American Philosophical Society] Founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1743, the American Philosophical Society was created to promote useful knowledge in the colonies. Today, an internationally renowned scholarly institution, the Society has expanded to over 700 members who comprise distinguished scientists and scholars in the mathematical and physical sciences, the biological sciences, the social sciences, humanities, and eminent figures in the professions, arts and public affairs. [|Association of Science-Technology Centers] International organization of science-technology centers and science museums. [|British Society for the History of Science] [|Canadian Society for the History and Philosophy of Mathematics] [|Center for History of Physics, American Institute of Physics] An impressive Web site, with links to exhibits, information about AIP publications (print and online), the catalog of the Niels Bohr Library, and more. Be sure to check out the [|Physics History Finding Aids]. [|History of Science Society] Includes links to academic programs as well as research and funding tools. [|ICOHTEC: International Committee for the History of Technology] [|International Coronelli Society for the Study of Globes and Related Instruments] [|Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation] Part of the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of American History. [| NASA’s Fortieth Anniversary: Pioneering The Future] Since its inception on October 1, 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been a forerunner in many areas of advanced scientific research, especially in the fields of space exploration and aeronautics. NASA celebrates forty years of “Pioneering the Future” with a site that chronicles its illustrious history by providing access to numerous publications, including detailed biographies of influential people and declassified government documents. Together, the texts detail the scientific origins, objectives, and achievements of NASA. Audio and video clips of the Apollo missions and archived photographs from the dawn of the space age complement the rich textual history offered at the site. [|The Royal Society] (United Kingdom) [|Royal Society of Chemistry] [|Society for the History of Technology (SHOT)] [|Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Technology (University of Minnesota)] Visit the Cray Research Virtual Museum exhibit, which showcases many of the supercomputing giant’s accomplishments over the last half century. In the collections section, oral histories of many prominent computer scientists are given with complete interview transcripts. These transcripts tell the personal stories of the people who made the computer industry what it is today. There is also an interesting look at the history of computers in Hollywood, citing examples of movies that use computers as key plot elements. [|U.S. Graduate Programs in History of Science] [|Worldwide Guide to Science Studies Programmes] [|American Philosophical Society Library] Located in Philadelphia, the library is a major national center for research in the history of science, medicine, and technology. [|Annie Jump Cannon] Biography of Delaware's noted stellar cataloger. [|Chemical Heritage Foundation] Located at 315 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, the CHF seeks to advance the heritage and public understanding of the chemical and molecular sciences by operating a historical research library and through other activities. [|The Franklin Institute Science Museum, Philadelphia] [|Hagley Museum and Library] Hagley is a nonprofit educational institution located just north of Wilmington in Delaware. Its mission is to promote the understanding of American business and technological history. It fulfills this mission through the three components of Hagley: the museum, the research library, and a scholarly center. [|Mütter Museum] This museum, part of the College of Physicians in Philadelphia, was founded in the 19th century and has a worldwide reputation. It exhibits medical deformities, pathologies and medical anomalies, like the horned woman, the man with the giant colon, deformed fetuses and a plaster cast of the Siamese twins Chang and Eng Bunker. [|Wagner Free Institute of Science] Located in Philadelphia, the collection covers the natural and physical sciences, education, medicine, archaeology and anthropology, the pseudo-sciences, instrument building, and engineering. The Library is especially rich in early 19th century English and American works devoted to the history and teaching of science and technology. The archives and manuscripts collection includes the personal and business records of the founder William Wagner (1796-1885) dating from 1810 and the records of the Institute from its inception in 1855.